Plastics have become ubiquitous materials essential for modern life and sustaining the global economy. On the other hand, their dependence on dwindling fossil fuel sources and their durability has raised concerns about their sustainability. Biobased plastics, which include biodegradable plastics, appear to be an appealing solution, yet their uptake has been slow. This paper specifically looks at the commercialization challenges for two bioplastics: polyethylene furanoate (PEF) and polyhydroxy alkanoate (PHA), that have been claimed by the industry as potentially disruptive. The superior barrier, mechanical and thermal properties of PEF present a suitable competition to polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The versatility and marine biodegradability of PHAs have attracted interest from several potential adopters. However, the high production costs of both pose a serious commercialization challenge when considering the established production, supply chain and recycling infrastructure for fossil-based plastics. This study illustrates how firms are mitigating technical and market uncertainties by strategies such as adding value to other products, utilizing existing industrial assets, balancing exploration of more efficient and sustainable production pathways with commercial exploitation, lowering transaction costs by utilizing existing knowledge base, by developing formulation capabilities and forward integrating into end consumer products, or by entering collaborative alliances. These strategies could inevitably overcome inertia posed by the current market structure for fossil-based plastics.
© 2022 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.