สิ่งแวดล้อม มลภาวะ ของเสีย
เอกสารมาตรฐาน
สหรัฐอเมริกา
APHA
SMWW 3500-V
Vanadium
2023
3
Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (543.3 APHA 24th ed. Ref. Treatises&monographs FL2)
Vanadium (V) is the first element in Group VB in the periodic table. It has an atomic number of 23, an atomic weight of 50.94, and valences of 2, 3, 4, and 5. The average abundance of V in the earth’s crust is 136 ppm; in soils it ranges from 15 to 110 ppm; in streams it averages about 0.9 μg/L, and in groundwaters it is generally <0.1 mg/L. Though relatively rare, vanadium is found in a variety of minerals...