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APHA

SMWW 3500-Sn

Tin

2023

1

Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (543.3 APHA 24th ed. Ref. Treatises&monographs FL2)

Tin (Sn) is the fourth element in Group IVA in the periodic table. It has an atomic number of 50, an atomic weight of 118.69, and valences of 2 and 4. The average abundance in the earth’s crust is 2.1 ppm; in soils it is 10 ppm; in streams it is 0.1 μg/L, and in groundwaters it is <0.1 mg/L. Tin is found mostly in the mineral cassiterite (SnO2), in association with granitic rocks. Tin is used in reducing agents, solder, bronze, pewter, and coatings for various metals...