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APHA

SMWW 3500-Ru

Ruthenium

2023

1

Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (543.3 APHA 24th ed. Ref. Treatises&monographs FL2)

Ruthenium (Ru) is the fourth element in Group VIII in the periodic table. It has an atomic number of 44, an atomic weight of 101.07, and valences of 1 through 7, the most common being 2, 3, and 4. The average abundance of Ru in the earth’s crust is probably <0.01 ppm, and in groundwaters it is <0.1 mg/L. It occurs in its native state in platinum-bearing river sands. It is used in jewelry with platinum, in electrical contacts, and as a catalyst...