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Cadmium (Cd) is the second element in Group IIB of the periodic table. It has an atomic number of 48, an atomic weight of 112.41, and a valence of 2. The average abundance of Cd in the earth’s crust is 0.16 ppm; in soils it is 0.1 to 0.5 ppm; in streams it is 1 μg/L, and in groundwaters it is from 1 to 10 μg/L. Cadmium occurs in sulfide minerals that also contain zinc, lead, or copper. The metal is used in electroplating, batteries, paint pigments, and in alloys with various other metals. Cadmium is usually associated with zinc at a ratio of about 1part cadmium to 500 parts zinc in most rocks and soils...