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APHA
SMWW 3500-Bi
Bismuth
2023
1
Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (543.3 APHA 24th ed. Ref. Treatises&monographs FL2)
Bismuth (Bi) is the fifth element in Group VA in the periodic table. It has an atomic number of 83, an atomic weight of 208.98, and valences of 3 and 5. The average abundance of Bi in the earth’s crust in 0.08 ppm; in streams it is <0.02 mg/L, and in groundwaters it is <0.1 mg/L. Bismuth occurs in association with lead and silver ores, and occasionally as the native element. 210Bi, 212Bi, and 214Bi are naturally occurring radioisotopes produced in the decay of uranium and thorium. The metal is used in alloys of lead, tin, and cadmium, and in some pharmaceuticals...