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APHA
SMWW 6251
Disinfection Byproducts: Haloacetic Acids and Trichlorophenol
2023
11
Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (543.3 APHA 24th ed. Ref. Treatises&monographs FL2)
The haloacetic acids (HAAs) are formed by the chlorination of natural organic (humic and fulvic) matter. Utilities using chlorine as a water disinfectant generate haloacetic acids, usually as the second most prevalent group of known disinfection byproducts; the primary group formed is usually the trihalomethanes. Toxicological studies indicate that dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid are animal carcinogens. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has promulgated a maximum contaminant level for the sum of 5 haloacetic acids.